不同土壤管理方式下梨园土壤微生物分布和数量差异研究

研究了生草栽培、清耕及种养(鸡或鹅)结合等土壤管理模式下梨园土壤主要微生物类群(细菌、真菌、放线菌)分布和数量.结果表明:0～20 cm土层土壤微生物数量明显高于20～40 cm土层,细菌数量明显多于放线菌,放线菌数量又明显多于真菌;生草梨园土壤真菌和放线菌多于养鸡的梨园,土壤细菌两者无差异;与梨园清耕相比,养鹅可提高土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量.     

贵州省凤冈县农村产权制度改革实践与启示

贵州省凤冈县将农村资源进行确权颁证,使之变成农民（自然人、法人）资产,采用入股、交易和抵押融资等方式,变成农业生产经营性资本,探索农村财产性增收的实践途径。     

四川丘陵区农林系统和农草系统流域的径流和土壤水分特征

A study was conducted in a hilly area of Sichuan Province, Southwestern China, to compare the streamflow and soil moisture in two upland watersheds with different land use patterns. One was an agroforestry watershed, which consisted mainly of trees with alder (Alnus cremastogyne Burkill) and cypress (Cupressus funebris Endl.) planted in belts or strips with a coverage of about 46%, and the other was a grassland primarily composed of lalang grass (Imperata cylindrica var. major (Nees) C. E. Hubb.), filamentary clematis (Clematis filamentosa Dunn) and common eulaliopsis (Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C. E. Hubb) with a coverage of about 44%. Streamflow measurement with a hydrograph established at the watershed outlet showed that the average annual streamflow per 100 mm rainfall from 1983 to 1992 was 0.36 and 1.08 L s^-1 km^-2 for the agroforestry watershed and the grass watershed, respectively. This showed that the streamflow of the agroforestry watershed was reduced by 67% when compared to that of the grass watershed. The peak average monthly streamflow in the agroforestry watershed was over 5 times lower than that of the grass watershed and lagged by one month. In addition, the peak streamflow during a typical rainfall event of 38.3 mm in August 1986 was 37% lower in the agroforestry watershed than in the grass watershed. Results of the moisture contents of the soil samples from 3 slope locations (upper, middle and lower slopes) indicated that the agroforestry watershed maintained generally higher soil moisture contents than the grass watershed within 0-20 and 20-80 cm soil depths for the upper slope, especially for the period from May through July. For the other (middle and lower) slopes, soil moisture contents within 20-80 cm depth in the agroforestry watershed was generally lower than those in the grass watershed, particularly in September, revealing that water consumption by trees took place mainly below the plow layer. Therefore, agroforestry land use types might offer a complimentary model for tree-annual crop water utilization.     

中国东南部红壤地区不同植被对土壤侵蚀和土壤养分的影响

The effect of different vegetation systems including bamboo plantation (BP), forest ecosystem (CF), citrus orchard (Ctr) and farmland (FL) on erosion and nutrients of red soil were investigated in hilly region of southeastern China to find effective control measures for soil erosion. The results showed that all the vegetation systems could significantly reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses compared to bare land (Br). The ability of different vegetation systems to conserve soil and water was in the order of Ctr > BP > CF > FL > Br. Vegetation could also improve soil fertility. The soil organic matter, total N and total P contents were much higher in all the vegetation systems than in bare land, especially for the top soils. Vegetation systems improved soil physical properties remarkably. Compared to the bare land, soil organic matter, TP, TK and available K, especially soil microbial biomass C, N and P, increased under all the vegetation covers. However, they were still much lower than expected, thus these biological measurements are still needed to be carried out continuously.     

梯田工程概算定额编制研究

随着国家全面启动水土保持生态环境建设 ,并将其纳入基本建设管理 ,作为基础性文件之一的水土保持概算定额 ,它的编制显得越来越重要。结合《黄河流域水土保持生态工程初步设计概算编制办法及概算定额》的编制 ,就梯田概算定额的编制方法、计量单位、子目设置及步距、人工、机械、材料消耗量的确定、单价取费率和工程单价进行了论述 ,并就定额水平进行了实例分析测算 ,以检验其合理性     

近代黄河三角洲东营农业综合试验区的滨海盐渍土及其改良利用的研究 Ⅲ.稻草还田的培肥改土效应

近代黄河三角洲滨海氯化物盐渍土在开发种稻的条件下，鉴于其土壤肥力瘠薄及盐分危害，实施稻草还田，能够明显地改善土壤的养分及其它不良的理化性状，增产效果显著．     

陇东黄土高原土壤侵蚀变化定量遥感监测——以黄土高原水保二期世行贷款庆城项目区为例

基于SPOT和TM融合遥感影像和GIS技术,采用通用土壤流失方程RUSLE作为评价模型,计算了庆城项目区土壤侵蚀量,并结合土壤侵蚀强度分级标准,生成流域土壤侵蚀强度等级图。结果表明,项目区年平均输沙模数为7058 t/km~2,侵蚀级别属强度。研究区62．2%的泥沙来自于占流域面积仅24．8%的极强度和剧烈侵蚀区域。经分析,项目区25°以上的坡度土壤平均侵蚀量大于10168t/km~2,是水土流失治理的关键。     

红壤区稀土矿开发导致河流泥沙淤积量的估算--以江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域为例

不合理的人为活动是侵蚀产沙的主要原因之一。在江西省信丰县崇墩沟小流域内由于稀土矿产的无序开发,导致河流泥沙严重淤积。通过实测河流淤积泥沙断面,计算出在7 500 m长的河道共淤积泥沙30 193 t,考虑到输移比,整个流域内土壤流失量可达3 500 t/km2,平均侵蚀模数也高达1 150 t/(km2.a)以上,属于中等强度的土壤侵蚀。调查结果发现,河流中淤积的泥沙主要来源于稀土矿开发的尾矿流失;土壤流失量高到99 730 t/km2,年平均侵蚀模数为34 000 t/(km2.a)以上,属于极强度的水土流失。治理水土流失,须加强对稀土矿开发的管理,防止形成新的水土流失;将已废弃的稀土尾矿作为治理的重中之重,可有效地降低流域内土壤侵蚀的强度。     

河南省农用地生态安全评价探讨

从生态系统完整性要求和评价结果实用性角度出发,论述了生态安全评价单元的确定,并将河南省18个地市作为评价单元,结合农用地生态安全评价特点,利用多因素综合评定法和系统聚类法相结合方法,借助MAPGIS和SPSS软件对河南省18个评价单元进行生态安全评价,评价结果在评价单元较少情况下可体现各级别差异和级别内评价单元间良好的相关性。     

渭北旱塬苹果黑星病流行因子分析

利用渭北旱塬7年(1997～2003年)的温度、相对湿度、降水量和苹果黑星病流行程度资料,采用逐步回归法分析了影响渭北旱塬苹果黑星病流行的因子,求得最优回归子集,包括4月和8月份的降水量、前1年12月份的平均相对湿度、1月和7月份的平均温度,建立苹果黑星病多元线性回归预测模型,以残差绝对值<0．5为统计标准,对1997～2003年苹果黑星病的流行程度进行回测。结果表明,预测模型回测准确率高,可用于指导渭北旱塬苹果黑星病的防治工作。